Typical fractures

Management of Typical and Atypical Hangman's Fractures

Study Design Retrospective study of a prospectively maintained database. Objective Our aim was to retrospectively review management and outcomes of patients with low-grade hangman's fractures, specifically looking at differences in outcomes between collars and halo immobilization. We also studied fracture patterns and their treatment outcomes. Methods Forty-one patients with hangman's fractures...

From typical sequences to typical genotypes.

We demonstrate an application of a core notion of information theory, typical sequences and their related properties, to analysis of population genetic data. Based on the asymptotic equipartition property (AEP) for nonstationary discrete-time sources producing independent symbols, we introduce the concepts of typical genotypes and population entropy and cross entropy rate. We analyze three pers...

hoW tyPical are ‘tyPical’ tremor characteristics?

Typical Worlds

Hugh Everett III presented pure wave mechanics, sometimes referred to as the many-worlds interpretation, as a solution to the quantum measurement problem. While pure wave mechanics is a deterministic physical theory with no probabilities, Everett sought to show how the theory might be understood as making the standard quantum statistical predictions as appearances to observers who were themselv...

Updating Typical XML Views

View update is the problem of translating an update to a view to some updates to the source data of the view. In this paper, we formally define the problem, show the factors determining XML view update translation, and propose a translation solution for two specific but typical settings of the view update problem. We prove that the translated source updates are precise and they generalize the s...